![]() Notable events occurred in the northern Mediterranean Sea in 2003 2, 3, along the Western Australian coast in 2011 4, the northwest Atlantic in 2012 5, the northeast Pacific over 2013–2015 6, 7, off southeastern Australia in 2015/16 8 and across northern Australia in 2016 9. ![]() Several prominent marine heatwaves (MHWs)-prolonged periods of anomalously high sea surface temperatures 1-have had severe impacts on marine ecosystems in recent years. Importantly, these trends can largely be explained by increases in mean ocean temperatures, suggesting that we can expect further increases in marine heatwave days under continued global warming. We find that from 1925 to 2016, global average marine heatwave frequency and duration increased by 34% and 17%, respectively, resulting in a 54% increase in annual marine heatwave days globally. Using a range of ocean temperature data including global records of daily satellite observations, daily in situ measurements and gridded monthly in situ-based data sets, we identify significant increases in marine heatwaves over the past century. Despite this, a comprehensive assessment of how these ocean temperature extremes have been changing globally is missing. Recent prominent marine heatwaves have attracted considerable scientific and public interest. ![]() Heatwaves are important climatic extremes in atmospheric and oceanic systems that can have devastating and long-term impacts on ecosystems, with subsequent socioeconomic consequences.
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